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Bangladesh Public Universities

Bangladesh Private Universities

Friday, 27 March 2009

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Mahasthangarh:Located at a distance of 18 km north of Bogra town, Mahasthangarh is the oldest archaeological site of Bangladesh on the western bank of river Karatoa. The spectacular site is an impos

ing landmark in the area having a fortified long enclosure. Beyond the fortified area, other ancient ruins fan out within a semi circle of about 8 km. radius. Several isolated mounds, the local names of which are Govinda Bhita Temple, Khodai Pathar Mound, Mankalir
Kunda, Parsuramer Bedi, Jiyat Kunda etc. surround the fortified city. This 3rd century B. C. archaeological site is still held to be of great sanctity by the Hindus. Every year (mid April) and once in every 12 years (December) thousands of Hindu devotees join the bathing ceremony on the bank of river Karatoa. A visit to the Mahasthangarh site museum will open up for one a wide variety of antiquities, ranging from terracotta objects to gold ornaments and coins recovered from the site. Also noteworthy are the shrine of Shah Sultan Bulkhi Mahisawary and Gokul Medh in the neighborhood of Mahasthangarh.

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Paharpur:Paharpur

is a small village 5 km west of Jamalganj railway station in the greater Rajshahi district where the remains of the most important and the largest known monastery, south of the Himalayas has been excavated. This 8th century a. D. archaeological finds covers approximately an area of 27 acres of land. The entire establishment, occupying a quadrangular court, measuring more than 900 ft. and from 12 ft to 15 ft in height with
Elaborate gateway complex on the north, there are 45 cells on the north and 44 in each of other three sides with a total number of 177 rooms. The architecture of the pyramidal cruciform temple is profoundly influenced by those of southeast Asia, especially Myanmar and Java. It had taken its name from a high mound, which like Pahar or hillock. A site museum houses the representative collection of objects recovered from the area. The excavated findings have also been preserved at the Varendra Research Museum at Rajshahi. The antiquities of the museum include terracotta plaque, images of different gods and goddesses, potteries, coins inscriptions, ornamental bricks and other minor clay objects. It has been declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

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Shat-Gambuj Mosque:15th century AD in Bagerhat district, a wonderful architectural design of medieval period was founded by famous Muslim saint khanJahan Ali in 1459. This massive structure was entirely made

of brick and stone. It is one of the largest and significant among all the mosques in Bangladesh and now a world heritage site. At the same time he constructed several other mosques in Bagerhat and adjoining areas.

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Mainamati:About eight km to the west of Comilla town and 114 km South-east of Dhaka lies the low hills known as Mainamati Lalmai ridge an extensive center of Buddhist culture. On the slopes of these hills lie scattered a treasure of information about the early Buddhist civilization (8th to 12th century). At Salban in the middle of the ridge, excavations laid bare a large Buddhist Vihara (monastery) and imposing central shrine.
It has revealed valuable information of the rule of the Chandra and Deva dynasties, which flourished here from the 8th to 12th century A. D. The whole range of hillocks run for about 18th km and is studded with more than 50 sites. A site museum housed the archaeological finds, which include terracotta plaques, bronze statues and casket, coins, jewellery, utensils pottery and votive stupas embossed with Buddhist inscription.

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Sunderbans:The Sun

derbans is the mirror image of many facts of a single one. Located about 320km, southwest of Dhaka and spread over an area of about 6000sq,km of deltaic swamps along the coastal belt of Khulna. It is the largest mangrove forest of the world. In the deeper parts of it there are The Royal Bengal Tigers and Crocodiles in water. The hidden beauties of the Sunderbans are enormous. The attractive beauties of the deep green forestry as seen in the morning and evening, the cock-a- doodles at dawn, basking of Crocodiles in groups on the shores, the quick group movements of the Deer and their drinking of water and the beautiful seashore will, no doubt, fill your hearts with unknown and unexplainable feeling of pleasure and joy. Sundary trees are one of the important assets of the Sunderbans. Basically, the name of Sunderbans is derived from Sundari and also from its immense beauty. The six different seasons give different views of the forest.
In rainy season, the forest is seen with fresh green leaves as if full of adolescence. The canal, in this period is full of fishes and one can get pleasure in fishing. On the seashore, you will be delighted to see the big white waves of the sea and at night the full moonlight.
In winter, the guest birds and ducks will take you to a new world and you will see the different movements of Deer and Monkeys.
The honey, goal leaves collection and fishing by the mawaliare people one of the traditional scenes for their existence for living.
Different species of Monkey, Deer, Birds, Crocodiles, Snakes, Ducks, water Peacocks, Seagull and such many varieties of animals, not to mention of the great Royal Bengal Tiger are present in the Sunderbans. UNESCO has declared the Sunderbans a world heritage site that it offers splendid opportunities for tourism. The main tourist spots inside the Sunderbans include Hiron Point, Katka, Dubla and Tri Kona Island. Water transport is only means of communication with the Sunderbans from Khulna or Mongla. Sunrise Tours having comfortable cruiser on these routes.

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Sylhet & Srimongal:Greater Sylhet, the land of two leaves and a bud, the major tea plantation area and the home of the Monipuri, Khasia, and Garo tribal people. Located in the gentle sloping upland in the picturesque valley between the Khasia, Jaintia and Tripura hills, amid scenic tea plantation and lush green tropical forest is a prime attraction. Sylhet one of the largest tea producing area in the world. The Monipuri tribes are famous for there Monipuri dance and weaving. Srimongal in Sylhet, known as the tea capital of Bangladesh, is the main tea centre of the area. For miles and miles around, the visitor can see the teagardens spread like green carpet over the plain land or on the slopping hills. Sylhet is linked with Dhaka by rail, road and air. Sunrise Tours arrange transfer, accommodation, and food with sight seeing for the visitors there.

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Mymensingh:The Mymensingh district stretches from the plains north of Dhaka to the Garo foothills that edge th

e northern border with India. Along the frontier line many tribes such as Garos, Hajongs and Kochis who are ethnically quite distinct from the people around them. Mymensingh has earned an important position in Bengla literature for its rich folklores and folk song. On the road from Dhaka to Mymensingh there is a national park and game sanctuary at Madhupur about 160km from Dhaka. There are a number of reserve forests in the area with guesthouse and picnic spots. The famous painter Abedin’s Art Gallery at Mymensingh town is worth visitor.

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Rangamit:From Chittagong, a 77 km winding road that passes through lush green fields and forested hills t

ake you to Rangamati at the heart of the Lake District. The township is located on the western bank of Kaptai Lake. Rangamati is a favorite holiday resort because of its scenic beauty and its lakeside location, its colorful tribes, homespun textile products, ivory and jewellery. For tourists the attractions of Rangamati are numerous, speed boat cruising, water skiing, bathing or merely enjoying nature as it is. It is a rare spot for eco-tourism. Visitors are fascinated by the rich culture of its ethnic people. A visit to the tribal museum and the hanging bridge on the lake a must.

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Bandarbans:Ninety-two km from Chittagong by a metalled road, Bandarban is the district headquarters of the Bandarban hill district. It is hometown of the Bohmanf Chief who is the head of the Mogh tribe. The Moghs are of Myanmar origin and Buddhists

by religion. The Moghs are a simple and Hospitable people. Bandarban is also the home of the Murangs who are famous For their music and dance. Several other tribes of great ethnogical interest live in the remote areas of the district. The highest peak of Bangladesh - Tahjin dong (4632 ft)- is located in the Bandarban district.

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Khagrachari:Khagrachari is the district headquarters of Khagrachari hill district. Connected to Chittagong by a 92 km all-weather metalled road, Khagrachari is ringed by thick rain forests that shelter a wide variety of birds and animals. For the tourist seeking nature in a restful mood, Khagrachari is the place.

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Teknef- the sout

hern most tip of Bangladesh. It is situated on the bank of Naaf River and just at the end of the hill regions of the district. Myanmar is on the opposite bank of Naaf River. Wild animals and birds are available here but the most interesting thing is a journey on the river. Wide sandy beach in the backdrop of high hills with green forests is an enchanting scene never to be forgotten.

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St’ Martin -St’ Martin is the country’s only coral island and an unsp

oilt paradise. Named Narikel Jinjira (Coconut Island) by the locals, the dumbbell St’ Martin’s has an area of only 8 sq km. it is situated 48 km from Teknef. Sunrise Tours arrange transfer, accommodation and food with sight seeing and other facilities.

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Inani Beach - Inani is within Ukhia Thana, 35 km to the south of Cox’s Bazar. With green hills to the east, the golden beach of Inani casts a music spell on anyone stepping on to its fine golden sands. The clean blue waters of the Bay are ideal for swimming.

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Patenga Beach - The Patenga beach at Chittagong is one of the most popular beaches of Bangladesh, stretching for miles near at the m

eeting place of the Bay of Bengal and the river Karnaphuli. Nature lovers come around here to enjoy the scenic sunrise and sunset.

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Cox’s Bazar - Miles of golden sands, towering waves, rare conch shells, colorful Pagodas, Buddhist Temples and delightful sea-food- all this makes what Cox’s Bazar is today, the tourist capital of Bangladesh. The world largest unbroken (120 km) beach slopes here down to the blue waters of the Bay of Bengal against the picturesque background of a chain of hills covered with deep forests.

Cox’s Bazar is one of the most attractive tourist spots in the world. The warm shark free waters are good for bathing and swimming. The beauty of the setting-sun behind the waves of the sea is simply captivating. Locally made variety of cigars and handloom products of the tribal Rakhyne families are good buys.

Located at a distance of 152 km south of Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar is connected both by air & road from Dhaka and Chittagong.

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Sitakunda:(Chandranath Hindu Temple)It is approximately 37 km far from Chittagong. This is famous for Chandranath Hindu Temple - one of the oldest temples in the subcontinent. There is also Buddhist Temple having a footprint of Lord Buddha. The hindus and buddhist regard these places particularly the hillto

ps as very sacred. Shiva Chanuturdash (14th) festivals is held every year in February when thousands of pilgrims assemble which lasts for ten days. There is also a hot-water spring 5 km to the north of Sitakunda.

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Mymensingh:(Trishal)It is the place where innumerable boyhood memories of our national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam are found around. It is situated 20 km away from Mymensingh town. Nazrul was a student of Darrirumpur High School under Trisal police station. Here a cultural organization styled as Nazrul
Academy has been established in memory of the great poet. R

ebel poet Kazi Nazrul, the shelley of Bangladesh is in eternal sleep besides Dhaka University Central Mosque.

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Jessore:(Sagordari)The birthplace of the celebrated poet Micheal Modhusudan Dutt. By most accounts the first modern poet of Bangla Literature. Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation is building a Rest house and other tourist facilities in the place.

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Dinajpur:(Kantaji Temple)18th Century Ad is situated in Birganj near Dinajpur district. Maharaja Pran Nath built this Temple in 1752. Every inch of the temple surface in beautifully decorate

d with exquisite terracotta plaques, representing flora and fauna, mythological scenes and an astonishing array of contemporary social happening and favorite pastimes.

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Kustia:(Shilaidaha Kutihibari)The beautiful mansion carries memories of Nobel laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) who made frequent visits to this place and used to stay here. in connection with administration of his Zamindari Tajone update many of his short stories songs and poem in this house. It is located at a distance of about 20 km. from Kustia town.

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Natore:Dighapatiya Rajbari (Place)Natore lies about 40 km. from Rajshahi and is an old seat of the Maharajah of Dighapatiya, now serving as the Uttara Ganabhaban (The Official northern region residence of the President of the republic). The place has large, spacious grounds and is surrounded by a fine moat. The place has well-equipped guesthouse, an imposing gateway and a fine garden decorated with statues of white marble.

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Sonargaon:About 29 km. from Dhaka, Sonargaon dating back from the 13th century. Is one of the oldest capitals of Bengal. A folk-arts and craft museum has been established here. Among the ancient monuments still intact are the tomb of Sultan Abdul Alla and a beautiful mosque in Goaldi village.

dhaka

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Dhaka:The capital of Bangladesh is Dhaka with its exciting history and rich culture. It has attracted travelers from far and near through ages. However, according to recorded history it was founded in 1608 A.D. as the seat of the imperial Mughal viceroy of Bengal. Dhaka as the capital of Bangladesh has grown into a busy city of about eight million people with an area of about 1353sq.km. Having a happy blending of old and new architectural trends, Dhaka has been developing fast as a modern city and is throbbing with activities in all spheres of life. It is the center of industrial, commercial, cultural, educational and political activities for Bangladesh.
Some of the outstanding tourist attractions of Dhaka are flows

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There is no place named Ayubnagar in & arround Dhaka.Parliament house is located at Sher-e- Ban

gla Nagar.In Bangladesh it is a crime to address the place as Ayubnagar.

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21st february my pride

When the day of 21st February arrives, we the Bangladeshi really feel proud, this is the day of International Mother Language Day. In this day of 21st February, 1952 the people of Banglaesh (the then east pakistani - Bengali people) sacrifised their souls dedicating to their mother language Bangla (bengali language). No nation in the history ever gave their lives for their own language. That is our pride. We know how to give live for my language and also land.

Lalbagh Fort:The fort was built in 1678 by Prince Mohammad Azam, son of Mughal emperor Aurangozeb. The fort a was the scene of bloody battle during the first war of independence (1857) when 250 soldiers stationed here backed by people revolted against British forces. Besides the main structure, Lalbagh Fort

also has a number of other buildings and monuments such as the tomb of Pari Bibi, Lalbagh mosque, audience hall and hammam khana (bathing place) of Nawab Shaista Khan now housing a museum.

Ahsan Manzil Museum:On the bank of river Buriganga in Dhaka the Pink majestic Ahsan Manzil has been renovated and turne

d into a museum recently. It is an epitome of the nation's rich cultural heritage. It is the home of Nawab of Dhaka and a silent spectator to many events.
Today's renovated Ahsan Manzil a monument of immense historical beauty. It has 31 rooms with a huge dome atop which can be seen from miles Around. It now has 23 galleries in 31 rooms displaying of traits, furniture and household articles and utensils used by the Nawab.

National Memorial: Located at Savar, about 35km from Dhaka, the national memorial was designed by architect Moinul Hossain. It is dedicated to the sacred memory of the million of unknown martyrs of the war of liberation in 1971.

National Museum: Established as Dhaka Museum in 1913. It has been renamed as the National Museum and was shifted to its new building at Shahbag in 1983. It is a four storied building and has forty galleries under four departments, namely, (1) Natural History (2) History and Classical Art. (3) Ethnography and Decorative Art and (4) Contemporary Art and World Civilization. The museum contains a large number of interesting collection including sculptures and paintings of the Buddhist and Muslim periods. It also has rich collection of old coins, metal images, books on art, ivory and silver filigree works, textiles including the world famous muslin fabric, embroidered quit (Nakshi Khatha), arms and ammunitions of the bygone warriors, varieties of fine handicrafts and models of the village and town life, contemporary paintings and sculptures. Above all, the valuable articles of the heroic liberation war of Bangladesh are also there.
Places of interest in Dhaka- Mosque, Hindu Temples, Churches, Suhrawardy Uddyan (Garden), Ramna Green, National Botanical Garden, Dhaka Zoological garden, National Park, Folk Art Museum, etc.

NEWS

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MD ziaur rahaman

Born: 1936 AD
Died: 1981 AD, at 45 years of age.

Nationality: Bangladeshi
Categories: Politician, Presidents, Prime Ministers

Ziaur Rahman
1936 – He was born in the village of Bagbari in
the Bogra District of the province of Bengal
(now in northwest Bangladesh.)

1953 – He spent his adolescent years in Karachi
and enrolled in the D. J. College.

1955 – He was commissioned as a second lieutenant
in the Pakistan Army.

1957 – He was transferred to the East Bengal
Regiment after serving for two years in Karachi.

1959 – He worked in the department
of military intelligence.

1960 – His marriage was arranged to Khaleda Zia,
a young Bengali girl from the Dinajpur District
who was 15 years old.

1966 – He was appointed military instructor at
the Pakistan Military Academy, later going on
to attend the prestigious Command and Staff
College in Quetta, where he completed a course
in command and tactical warfare.

1975 – He was appointed chief of army staff
following the assassination of Sheikh Mujib Rahman.

1977 – He declared himself as the President.

1978 – He won a referendum.

1981 – He was assassinated in an abortive
military coup.

The "independent, sovereign republic of Bangladesh"

was first proclaimed in a radio message broadcast from

a captured station in Chittagong on March 26, 1971. Two

days later, the "Voice of Independent Bangladesh" announced

that a "Major Zia" (actually Ziaur Rahman, later president of

Bangladesh) would form a new government with himself

occupying the "presidency." Zia's selfappointment was

considered brash, especially by Mujib, who in subsequent

years would hold a grudge. Quickly realizing that his action

was unpopular, Zia yielded his "office" to the incarcerated

Mujib. The following month a provisional government was

established in Calcutta by a number of leading Awami

League members who had escaped from East Pakistan.

On April 17, the "Mujibnagar" government formally

proclaimed independence and named Mujib as its president.

On December 6, India became the first nation to recognize

the new Bangladeshi government. When the West Pakistani

surrender came ten days later, the provisional government had

some organization in place, but it was not until December 22

that members of the new government arrived in Dhaka, having

been forced to heed the advice of the Indian military that order

must quickly be restored. Representatives of the Bangladeshi

government and the Mukti Bahini were absent from the ceremony

of surrender of the Pakistan Army to the Indian Army on December 16.

Bangladeshis considered this ceremony insulting, and it did much

to sour relations between Bangladesh and India.

At independence, Mujib was in jail in West Pakistan, where he

had been taken after his arrest on March 25. He had been convicted

of treason by a military court and sentenced to death. Yahya did not

carry out the sentence, perhaps as a result of pleas made by many

foreign governments. With the surrender of Pakistani forces in

Dhaka and the Indian proclamation of a cease-fire on the western front,

Yahya relinquished power to a civilian government under Bhutto,

who released Mujib and permitted him to return to

Dhaka via London and New Delhi.

On January 10, 1972, Mujib arrived in Dhaka to a tumultuous welcome.

Mujib first assumed the title of president but vacated that office

two days later to become the prime minister. Mujib pushed through a

new constitution that was modeled on the Indian Constitution.

The Constitution--adopted on November 4, 1972--stated that the

new nation was to have a prime minister appointed by

the president and approved by a single-house parliament.

The Constitution enumerates a number of principles on which

Bangladesh is to be governed. These have come to be known as

the tenets of "Mujibism" (or "Mujibbad"), which include

the four pillars of nationalism, socialism, secularism, and democracy.

In the following years, however, Mujib discarded everything

Bangladesh theoretically represented: constitutionalism,

freedom of speech, rule of law, the right to dissent, and equal

opportunity of employment.

Data as of September 1988

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Rahman, (Shahid) Ziaur (1936-1981)

Preside

t of Bangladesh, Chief of Army Staff,

leading

freedom fighter, who declared

the Independence of Bangladesh.

Ziaur Rahman was born on l9 January 1936

at Ba

gbari in Bogra.

His father Mansur Rahman

was a chemist working in

a government department

in Calcutta. His early

childhood was spent

partly in the rural area

of Bogra and partly in Calcutta.

After the partition of India (1947),

when his father was

transferred to Karachi,

Zia had to leave

the Hare School in

Calcutta and became

a student of the

Academy School

in Karachi.

He completed his secondary

education from that

School in 1952. In 1953,

he got himself admitted

into the D.J. College

in Karachi. In

the same year he joined

the Pakistan Military

Academy at Kakul

as an officer cadet.

Shahid Ziaur Rahman was

commissioned in 1955 as a

second lieutenant. He served

there for two years, and in 1957,

he was transferred to

East Bengal Regiment.

He also worked in

the military intelligence

department from 1959 to 1964.

In the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965

he made his mark as a

valiant fighter in the Khemkaran

sector as the commander of a company,

and incidentally, his company

was one of those which were

offered maximum gallantry

awards for heroic performances

in the war. He was appointed

a professional instructor in the

Pakistan Military Academy in 1966.

In the same year he was sent to

the Staff College in Quetta for

attending a command course.

In 1969, he joined

the Second East Bengal Regiment as

its second-in-command at Joydevpur.

He was sent to West Germany for

higher training. On his return home in

1970 Ziaur Rahman, then a major,

was transferred to Eighth East

Bengal Regiment at Chittagong

as its second in command.

After the military crackdown

since the night of 25 March 1971

sheikh mujibur rahman

was arrested and the political

leaders dispersed.

The people were at a loss.

At this crucial moment when

the political leadership failed

to give any direction,

the Eighth East Bengal Regiment under

the leadership of Major Ziaur Rahman

revolted against the Pakistan Army and

took up the Bangladesh flag as its mainstay

on the night between 26 and 27 March 1971.

Then he took up the momentous decision

of declaring the Independence of Bangladesh.

Ziaur Rahman and his troops were

in the forefront of the War of Independence.

Major Zia and the armed forces under his

command kept the Chittagong and Noakhali

areas under control for a few days and went

across the border for further preparations.

Ziaur Rahman played a brilliant role in

the War of Liberation both at the level

of planning and execution. As the

commander of Sector I up to June 1971,

later on as the head of Z-Force,

Ziaur Rahman distinguished himself

as a brave warrior and was offered

the gallantry award of Bir Uttam.

After the most creditable

performances during the nine-month war,

he was appointed brigade commander in Comilla.

In June 1972, he was made Deputy

Chief of Staff of the armed forces of Bangladesh.

In the middle of 1973, he became a

Brigadier, and a Major General by the end

of the year. When Khondakar Moshtaq

Ahmad assumed the office of the presidency,

Ziaur Rahman became the chief

of army staff on 25 August 1975.

When Khaled Mosharraf with the support of

the Dhaka Brigade under

the command of Shafat Jamil staged

a coup d'etat on 3 November 1975,

Ziaur Rahman was forced to

resign his command and was

put under house arrest.

The Sepoy-Janata Biplob

of 7 November, however,

took him to the centre of

political power. In fact, he

had to assume the responsibility of

managing the affairs of Bangladesh

on the crest of the Sepoy-Janata Biplob.

On 7 November 1975, Ziaur Rahman

was proclaimed the Chief Martial Law

Administrator. In a meeting at the army

headquarters on the same day, a new

administrative set-up for the running

of an interim government was arranged

with Justice Sayem as the Chief Martial

Law Administrator and the three

service chiefs, Major General Zia,

Air Vice Marshal MG Tawab and

Rear Admiral MH Khan, as Deputy

Chief Martial Law Administrators.

Ziaur Rahman became Chief

Martial Law Administrator

on 19 November 1976, when

Justice Sayem relinquished his

position and ultimately,

the President of Bangladesh

on 21 April 1977, when President

Sayem resigned.

After assuming office as head

of the state Ziaur Rahman issued

a proclamation order amending

the Constitution to insert

Bismiliah-ir-Rahmanir Rahim

(In the name of Allah, the Beneficent,

the Merciful) in the Preamble of

the Constitution. In Article

8(1) and 8(1A) the principle of 'absolute

trust and faith in the Almighty

Allah has been added. In Article

8(1), socialism has been defined as

'economic and social justice'.

In Article 25(2) it has also

been provided that "the state

shall endeavour to consolidate,

preserve and strengthen

fraternal relations among

Muslim countries based

on Islamic solidarity."

Ziaur Rahman introduced

and popularised the new

concept of Bangladeshi

nationalism. He believed

that in a plural society

like Bangladesh where

people are of diverse

ethnicity and where they profess

different faiths, have different

cultural traits and various lifestyles,

nationalism should better be conceptualised

in terms of territory rather than language

or culture. This is what he emphasised upon.

Bangladeshi nationalism took firm root and

shape as a unifying force with its

emphasis on national unity and

integration of all citizens of

Bangladesh irrespective of caste,

creed, gender, culture, religion and ethnicity.

Assuming power, Zia immediately moved to

restore law and order in the country and

for the purpose strengthened the police

force, practically doubling its size from

40,000 to 70,000 and arranging for

their proper training. He also restored

order in the armed forces. For

the purpose, he took certain steps

for the development of professionalism

in them through rigorous training and

restoring discipline. He expanded their

strength substantially from less than

50,000 in 1974-75 to about

90,000 in 1976-77. Although Zia

was successful in restoring discipline

within the armed forces, he had to

confront a number of mutinies and

attempted coups forcing him to adopt

certain stern actions against those who

had taken part in those uprisings.

A believer in democracy Zia moved as

fast as he could to democratise the polity

by re-instituting the institution of

election either for enabling a political

party to assume power or for

transferring it to other political

party peacefully. As a first step,

that is why, he allowed the disbanded

political parties to be revived and

political activities to be carried on

once again. Having that in view,

he also disallowed the ban on the

newspapers and inaugurated the

free flow of news by making

the news media free. For

the same purpose, he re -instituted

the independence of judiciary as

the bulwark of rights of the people.

The prevailing situation persuaded him

to take part in active politics so that

he could establish democratic order in

the country. In February 1978

he floated Jatiyatabadi Ganatantric

Dal with Vice President Justice

Abdus Sattar as its head.

Zia himself became the nominee of

the Nationalist Front consisting of

six political parties in the presidential

election. He won a comprehensive

victory by securing 76.67% of the votes.

On 1 September 1978, a new political party,

bangladesh nationalist party (BNP),

was launched with Zia as its chairman.

The parliamentary elections were held in

February 1979 and BNP won 207 seats

out of 300. On 1 April 1979,

the first session of the jatiya sangsad

was convened. On 9 April, martial law

was lifted after the enactment of the

Fifth Amendment.

President Zia's dynamic economic policy

laid emphasis on private sector

development. A new development

strategy designed to encourage

the private entrepreneurs, both

local and foreign, and to promote

agricultural development through

massive subsidies to the farmers

was initiated. The process of handing

over nationalised industries to their

former owners began. Promotion

of export of conventional and

non-conventional goods became

a national priority. Food production

reached a new height and Bangladesh

began exporting rice.

To bring in dynamism in his action

plan Zia put forward a 19-point

programme, and that was designed

to bring rapid socio-economic

transformation in the country.

The main thrust of the programme

was self-reliance and rural uplift

through people's participation.

Its primary objectives were accelerated

agricultural growth, population control,

self-sufficiency in food, decentralisation

of administration and greater incentives

to the private sector. It was designed

to meet the basic needs of the people and

special needs of women, youths and workers,

and it aimed at establishing a political

order based on social justice.

For bringing rapid socio-economic

transformation in the country, President

Zia transformed the politics of

the country into a production-oriented one.

He chalked out programmes of action for

the purpose, terming these as revolutions

and motivated his party men to realise

those programmes through their devotion

and commitment. The first of those

was canal digging, and it was designed to

supply adequate water to the farmers,

especially during the lean season.

The second was to remove illiteracy

from the society so that an air of

enlightenment might prevail all around

using both formal and non-formal

techniques all over the country.

Moreover, motivational programmes

were set on for the enhancement of

productions both in the field and

factories. The initiation of family planning

programme, revolutionary as it was,

was designed to stabilise population at

a level which might be termed as

optimum from the economic point

of view. The institution of Gram Sarker

aimed at enlisting the support of the people for a

self-reliant Bangladesh, which president Zia

advocated. Zia began executing his programme

in right earnest and beneficial results were in sight.

The excavation and re-excavation of more than

1,500 canals in a year and a half, record production

of food grains in two successive years

(1976-77 and 1977-78), an average annual

GDP growth of 6.4% during 1975-78, a

vigorous mass education campaign, introduction

of village government (Gram Sarkar) and

Village Defence Party (VDP) made deep

impression in the minds of the people.

Having the objectives of establishing good

neighbourly relations with India and other

South Asian countries on equal footing

Zia started bringing in changes first at

the internal setting through resurgence of

nationalistic aspirations of the people

and then by stabilising countervailing

forces at the regional and international levels.

The foreign policy goals were thus

devised anew, and dynamic international

relations were set on with a view to preventing

Bangladesh from hurtling down to the abyss

of dependence. At the regional level, Bangladesh

developed a pattern of mutuality with such states

as Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Maldives

along with India so much so that it ultimately led to

the forging of regional co-operation in the region for

the first time in its history.

At the international level, Bangladesh, then a lonely

sojourner, picked up friends from both the right,

centre and left and established a kind of viable

comradeship amongst them. Bangladesh was lifted

from the dead end of the Indo-Soviet axis and Indian

hegemonic circle. Bangladesh came closer to

the Muslim world of more than fifty states,

which began to take fresh look at Bangladesh

and its problems. One of the superpowers of

the time became a good friend of Bangladesh,

though its role was not people-friendly during

the Liberation War. Bangladesh developed a good

working relation with China. South East Asian

countries were drawn closer. The distant

Europe remained no longer disinterested in

the affairs of Bangladesh.

Through certain creative moves, he drew

Bangladesh into the world of the liberal west,

the fraternal middle East and West Asia, and

the rising South East Asia. He attended many

international conferences and visited dozens of

countries to promote the cause of the nation's

multilateral and bilateral relations.

The dividend was rich. Bangladesh was elected to

the Security Council in one of its non-permanent

seats in 1978, and became actively involved in

the activities of the UN members.

In the middle East and West Asia Bangladesh

emerged as a forceful actor. It was President

Zia who conceived of the idea of, and initiated

actions for, regional co-operation is South Asia.

For the purpose, he visited these countries during

1979-80 to speak of the need to develop a

framework for mutual co-operation.

south asian association for regional cooperation

(SAARC) was the outcome of his efforts, which

was formally launched in Dhaka in 1985.

Zia did not survive to see his dream come true.

He was assassinated in Chittagong on 30 May 1981 i

n an abortive army coup. He lies buried at Sher-e-Banglanagar, Dhaka.

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